Manganese oxide composition and method for preparing manganese oxide composition

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising a chemical composition having an X-ray diffractogram pattern expressing a Bragg peak at about 26°, said peak being of greatest intensity in comparison to other expressed Bragg peaks. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/624,105 filed Jan. 30, 2018.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a manganese oxide composition andmethod or preparing manganese oxide composition. The present disclosurealso relates to a rechargeable battery comprising a manganese oxidecomposition or a cycled composition.

BACKGROUND

Manganese oxide compositions are inorganic compositions that may be usedin industrial applications such as in (but not limited to) battery orpigment manufacturing, or that serve as precursor materials to othercompositions comprising manganese. Despite their natural occurrence,manganese oxide compositions utilized in commercial applications arecommonly produced by either chemical means or electrolytic means.

An example of a manganese oxide composition is manganese dioxide (MnO₂).Like many inorganic compounds, manganese dioxide exists in differentpolymorphs or phases. Such polymorphs include, but are not limited to,α-MnO₂, β-MnO₂ (pyrolusite), γ-MnO₂ (ramsdellite), and ε-MnO₂(akhtenskite). Polymorphs present in electrolytically synthesized MnO₂often display a high degree of crystallinity. Electrolyticallysynthesized MnO₂ may be referred herein as “EMD”.

Another example of a manganese oxide composition is manganese (II, III)oxide, Manganese (II, III) oxide is present in nature in the mineralhausmannite, and may be used as a precursor material in the productionof ceramic materials such as, but not limited to, magnets. The variouschemical formulae of manganese (II, III) oxides may be generallyidentified as Mn₃O₄.

Another example of a manganese oxide composition is Mn₂O₃, which ispresent in nature in the mineral bixbyite.

Owing to the relative abundance, low toxicity, and low cost of manganesedioxide, manganese dioxide is commonly used in the production ofalkaline zinc-ion batteries (e.g. alkaline Zn/MnO₂ batteries); alkalineZn/MnO₂ batteries themselves occupy a significant portion of the batterymarket share. In general, alkaline Zn/MnO₂ batteries comprise a cathode(i.e., one that comprises manganese dioxide as an cathodic activematerial), an anode (i.e., one that comprises zinc metal as an anodicactive material), and an alkaline electrolytic solution (e.g., apotassium hydroxide solution) with which both the cathode and the anodeare in fluid communication.

During operation of an alkaline Zn/MnO₂ battery, zinc anodic material isoxidized, cathodic active material is reduced, and an electric currentdirected towards an external load is generated. Upon recharging suchbattery, by-products formed as a result of the reduction manganesedioxide are oxidized to re-form manganese dioxide. Products containingmanganese that are produced in a typical discharge/charge cycle of acommercial Zn/MnO₂ battery are described in Shoji et al., Charging anddischarging behaviour of zinc-manganese dioxide galvanic cells usingzinc sulfate as electrolyte, J. Electroanal. Chem., 362 (1993): 153-157.

In an alkaline Zn/MnO₂ battery, it has been observed that the alkalineelectrolytic environment therein contributes, over time and over adischarge/charge cycling process, to an accumulation of by-products suchas, but not limited to, Mn(OH)₂, Mn₃O₄, and Mn₂O₃ formed on the cathode(Shen et al., Power Sources, 2000, 87, 162). Accumulation of suchby-products in Zn/MnO₂ batteries may lead to undesirable consequencessuch as capacity fading, poor Coulombic efficiencies, or both.“Consumed” Zn/MnO₂ batteries comprising such accumulated by-products areoften simply discarded or recycled, and often without furtherconsideration to the potential commercial and/or industrial utility ofthe accumulated by-products themselves.

SUMMARY

According to an aspect of the invention, there is a method comprising:(a) providing a battery comprising: (i) a cathode containing a manganeseoxide composition as a primary cathodic active material; (ii) an anode;(iii) an electrolytic solution in fluid communication with the anode andthe cathode, and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostaticallydischarging the battery to a first V_(cell); (ii) galvanostaticallycharging the battery to a second V_(cell); and (iii) potentiostaticallycharging at the second V_(cell) for a first defined period of time.

The method may have a first V_(cell) between 1.0V and 1.2V. The methodmay lave a second V_(cell) between 1.8V and 2.0V.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is a methodcomprising: (a) providing a battery comprising: (i) a cathode containinga manganese oxide composition as a primary cathodic active material;(ii) an anode; (iii) an electrolytic solution in fluid communicationwith the anode and the cathode; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i)galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first V_(cell); (ii)potentiostatically charging the battery at a second V_(cell) for a firstdefined period of time; (iii) galvanostatically charging the battery toa third V_(cell); and (iv) potentiostatically charging at the thirdV_(cell) for a second defined period of time.

The method may have a first V_(cell) between 1.0V and 1.2V. The methodmay have a second between 1.7V and 1.8V. The method may have a thirdV_(cell) between 1.8V and 2.0V.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is a chemicalcomposition that is produced by a method described above. The chemicalcomposition may be used for the manufacture of a battery. The batterymay be a zinc-ion battery.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is a chemical conposition having an X-ray diffractogram pattern expressing a Bragg peakat about 26°, said peak being of greatest intensity in comparison toother expressed Bragg peaks. The chemical composition may be used forthe manufacture of a battery. The battery may be a zinc-ion battery.

The X-ray diffractogram pattern of the chemical composition may furtherexpress Bragg peaks at 18° and 34°. The Bragg peak at 34° may be greaterin intensity than the Bragg peak 18°. The X-ray diffractogram pattern ofthe chemical composition may further express Bragg peaks at 36° and 44°.The Bragg peak at 36° may be greater in intensity than the Bragg peak at44°. The chemical composition may be produced by cycling Mn₃O₄.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is a chemicalcomposition comprising one or more chemical species produced by cyclingan activated composition. The chemical composition may be used for themanufacture of a battery. The battery may be a zinc-ion battery.

The activated composition may be produced by treating LiMn₂O₄.

At least one of the one or more chemical species may have a chemicalformula of M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z), wherein “x” is between 0.01 and 1, wherein“y” is 2, and wherein “z” is 4. The at least one of the one or morechemical species may have a spinal crystalline structure. “M” in thechemical formula M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) may be selected from the groupconsisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The alkali metalsmay be selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium. The alkalimetal may be lithium.

At least one of the one or more chemical species may be ramsdellite.

This summary does not necessarily describe the entire scope of allaspects of the disclosure. Other aspects, features and advantages willbe apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of thefollowing description of specific embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, which illustrate one or more embodiments.

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a coin cell for cycling, a manganese oxidecomposition.

FIG. 2 is an x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a commercially availablemanganese oxide composition having the chemical formula Mn₃O₄, includinga magnification of the XRD diffraction pattern between scattering anglesof 23 degrees and 63 degrees.

FIG. 3 is an XRD diffractogram of a commercially available EMD (i.e.,Erachem-Comilog).

FIG. 4 is an XRD diffractogram of a composition comprising Mn₃O₄ andMn₂O₃, the composition produced by heat treating a commerciallyavailable EMD (i.e., Erachem-Comilog).

FIG. 5(a) is a sped capacity (mAh/g) versus cycle number plot of variousbatteries, each battery comprising a cathode, the cathode initiallycomprising a manganese oxide composition as the primary cathodic activematerial.

FIG. 5(b) is a capacity (mAh) versus cycle number plot of the variousbatteries described in FIG. 5(a).

FIG. 5(c) is a specific-energy (mWh g⁻¹) versus cycle number plot of thevarious batteries described in FIG. 5(a).

FIG. 5(d) is a voltage versus specific capacity plot of the variousbatteries described in FIG. 5(a).

FIG. 5(e) is voltage versus specific capacity plot of a battery (seeCell ID FCB081_02 in FIG. 5(a)) at specific discharge/charge cycles(e.g. 1 cycle, 55 cycles).

FIG. 6 comprises XRD patterns of: (i) a commercially available manganeseoxide composition prior to cycling, (ii) a cycled composition at thedischarged state of a 10^(th) battery cycle, the cycled compositionresulting from cycling the manganese oxide composition; (iii) a cycledcomposition at the charged state of a 10^(th) battery cycle, the cycledcomposition resulting from cycling the manganese oxide composition; (iv)a cycled composition at a discharged state of the 20^(th) battery cycle,the cycled composition resulting from cycling the manganese oxidecomposition; and (v) a cycled composition at the charged state of a20^(th) battery cycle, the cycled composition resulting from cycling themanganese oxide composition.

FIG. 7 comprises XRD patterns of: (i) Zn₂Mn₃O₈; (ii) a cycledcomposition at the discharged state of a 10^(th) battery cycle, thecycled composition resulting from cycling Mn₃O₄; and (iii)Zn₄(OH)₆SO₄.0.5H₂O.

FIG. 8(a) contains x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of:(i) Mn₃O₄ powder; and (ii) a cycled electrode after 50 discharge andcharge cycles, the cycled electrode resulting from cycling an electrodeinitially comprising Mn₃O₄ as an active material.

FIG. 8(b) is a high resolution magnification of a portion of a portionof the XPS spectrum of the cycled electrode in FIG. 8(a), the highresolution magnification indicating the formation of a Zn_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z)species as a result of subjecting the electrode initially comprisingMn₃O₄ to discharge and charge cycling.

FIG. 9(a) is a comparison of the specific capacities (after certainnumbers of cycling) of: (i) a battery initially comprising an activatedcomposition resulting from a treatment of LiMn₂O₄; versus (ii) a batteryinitially comprising LiMn₂O₄ that has not been treated.

FIG. 9(b) is a representation of the charging/discharging curves, duringthe 228^(th) and 229^(th) cycles of a prescribed discharge/chargeprocess, of the battery initially comprising an activated compositionresulting from a chemical treatment of LiMn₂O₄ as described in FIG.9(a).

FIG. 9(c) comprises XRD patterns of LiMn₂O₄ that has not been treatedand an activated composition resulting from a treatment of LiMn₂O₄.

Where applicable on XRD diffractograms, Miller indices have beenincluded.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Directional terms such as “top,” “bottom,” “upwards,” “downwards,”“vertically,” and “laterally” are used in the following description forthe purpose of providing relative reference only, and are not intendedto suggest any limitations on how any article is to be positioned duringuse, or to be mounted in an assembly or relative to an environment. Theuse of the word “a” or “an” when used herein in conjunction with theterm “comprising” may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with themeaning of “one or more,” “at least one” and “one or more than one.” Anyelement expressed in the singular form also encompasses its plural form.Any element expressed in the plural form also encompasses its singularform. The term “plurality” as used herein means more than one; forexample, the term “plurality includes two or more, three or more, fouror more, or the like.

In this disclosure, the terms “comprising”, “having”, “including”, and“containing”, and grammatical variations thereof, are inclusive oropen-ended and do not exclude additional un-recited elements and/ormethod steps. The term “consisting essentially of” when used herein inconnection with a composition, use or method, denotes that additionalelements, method steps or both additional elements and method steps maybe present but that these additions do not materially affect the mannerin which the recited composition, method, or use functions. The term“consisting of” when used herein in connection with a composition, use,or method, excludes the presence of additional elements and/or methodsteps.

In this disclosure, the term “about”, when followed by a recited value,means within plus or minus 5% of that recited value.

In this disclosure, the term “activated composition” refers to acomposition that results, from a treatment (e.g., electrochemical,chemical, thermal, combination thereof) of an M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z)composition.

In this disclosure, the term “active material” refers to a cathodic oranodic chemically reactive material that participates in a charge ordischarge reaction.

In this disclosure, the term “battery” contemplates an electrochemicalcell or two or more electrochemical cells connected together in series,in parallel, or a combination thereof. As used herein, the term “cell”contemplates an electrochemical cell or two or more electrochemicalcells connected together in series, in parallel, or a combinationthereof. As used herein, the terms “battery” and “cell” areinterchangeable.

In this disclosure, a “C rate” refers to a rate at which a battery isdischarged. For example, a 2 C rate would discharge an entire electrodein 30 minutes, a 1 C rate would discharge an entire electrode in 1 hour,a C/2 rate would discharge an entire electrode in 2 hours, and a C/10rate would discharge an entire electrode in 10 hours.

In this disclosure, the term “cut-off capacity” or “capacity cut-off”refers to a coulometric capacity at which a discharge step of a batteryis stopped.

In this disclosure, the term “cut-off voltage” or “voltage cut-off”refers to a voltage of a battery at which: (i) a discharge step isstopped; or (ii) a charge step is stopped.

In this disclosure, the term “cycled composition” means a manganeseoxide composition that has been subjected to a discharge reaction, acharge reaction, a combination thereof, or a plurality thereof.

In this disclosure, the term “cycled electrode” means an electrodeinitially comprising a manganese oxide composition acting as an activematerial, the electrode having been subjected to a discharge reaction, acharge reaction, a combination thereof, or a plurality thereof.

In this disclosure, the term “discharged state” (of a battery) means astate of a battery where at least a portion of the cathodic manganeseoxide composition of the battery has participated in a dischargereaction.

In this disclosure, the term “M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition” refers acomposition having a chemical formula of M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z), wherein “M”is a metal other than Mn, wherein “x” and “y” and “z” are numbers,wherein “y” and “z” are greater than 0, and wherein “x” is 0 or greater.For example, “M” may be an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.Examples of alkali metals include Li, Na, K, and Rb. Examples ofalkaline earth metals include Be, Mg, Ca, and Sr. For example, “M” mayalso be a transition metal. Examples of transition metals include Sc,Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, andCd. For example, “M” may be selected from the group consisting of Fe,Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. For example, “M” may be selected from the groupconsisting of Li, Na, K, and Zn. A non-limiting example of anM_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition is a composition having the formula Mn₃O₆,wherein “a” and “b” are greater than 0.

In this disclosure, the term “manganese oxide composition” includes anactivated composition and an M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition.

In this disclosure, the term “un-cycled state” (of a battery) means astate of a battery where a cathodic M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition of thebattery has not undergone a charge reaction or a discharge reaction.

The present disclosure relates to a manganese oxide composition andmethod or preparing manganese oxide composition. The present disclosurealso relates to rechargeable battery comprising a manganese oxidecomposition or a cycled composition. The rechargeable battery may be azinc-ion battery.

The teachings provided in this disclosure are illustrated by primarilyusing the examples disclosed herein. Nonetheless, a skilled person wouldunderstand that this disclosure is not limited to those examples, andwould understand that the teachings herein may be applied to manganeseoxide compositions generally. Different forms of manganese oxidecompositions such as, but not limited to, chemically synthesized oxides,manganese oxide compositions that are doped, and manganese oxidecompositions that are not doped, may be activated, cycled, or generallyprepared in a manner that is the same as or similar to any teachingdisclosed herein.

Manganese Oxide Powder

Manganese oxide compositions may be of any suitable physical form (e.g.,powder, sheet, thin film, films produced by physical or chemical vapourdeposition). Manganese oxide compositions in powder form may be referredto herein as “manganese oxide powder”. Manganese oxide powder may be apowder of an M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition, a powder of an activatedcomposition, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, an activated composition (e.g. such as one inpowder form) is created by chemically treating an M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z)composition (e.g. such as one in powder form). Such activatedcomposition may be partially de-metallized. Such activated compositionmay be fully de-metallized. In chemically treating an M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z)composition, the M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition is mixed in a strong acidsolution at elevated temperatures for a pre-defined period of time afterwhich the resulting product is washed (for example with deionizedwater). The strong acid may be any suitable strong acid. Examples ofstrong acids include, but are not limited to, HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HClO₃,HClO₄. In some embodiments, the strong acid is H₂SO₄.

The concentration of the strong acid may be any suitable concentration.For example, the concentration of the strong acid can be 1.0M, 1.5M,2.0M, 2.5M, 3.0M, 3.5M, or 4.0M. For example, the strong acid solutioncan be a 2.5M sulfuric acid solution.

Elevated temperatures include, but are not limited to, any temperaturebetween about 80° C. and about 120° C., about 90° C. and about 110° C.,about 95° C. and about 105° C. For example, the elevated temperature canbe 95° C.

The pre-defined period of time may be any suitable time period fordrying. For example, the predefined period of time may be 2 hours orlonger, 3 hours or longer, 4 hours or longer. For example, thepre-defined period of time can be 2.5 hours.

The resulting product is then dried at elevated temperatures for apre-defined period of time. Elevated temperatures include, but are notlimited to, any temperature between about 80° C. and about 120° C.,about 90° C. and about 110° C. about 95° C. and about 105° C. Forexample, the elevated temperature can be 100° C. The pre-defined periodof time may be any suitable time period for drying. For example, thepre-defined period of time may be 2 hours or longer, 3 hours or longer,4 hours or longer. In an example, the pre-defined period of time is 12hours.

In other embodiments, an activated composition (e.g. such as one inpowder form) is created by electrochemically treating anM_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition (e.g. such as one in powder form).

In other embodiments, an M_(x)Mn_(y)O_(z) composition does not undergochemical treatment, electrochemical treatment, or any other treatment.

Manganese Oxide Electrode

Manganese oxide powder may be combined with a current collector to forman electrode. Manganese oxide compositions in other physical forms (e.g.sheet, thin films, films produced by physical or chemical vapourdeposition) may also be combined with a current collector to form anelectrode. Such an electrode may be referred to as a “manganese oxideelectrode” herein.

According to an embodiment of preparing a manganese oxide electrode,manganese oxide powder is mixed with carbon black (e.g. Vulcan® XC72R)and added to a 7 wt % polyvinylidene fluoride (e.g. EQ-Lib-PVDF, MTICorporation) and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (e.g. EQ-Lib-NMP, MTICorporation) based solution, to form a mixture. The mixture is spreadonto a carbon paper current collector substrate (e.g. TGP-H-12 carbonpaper). The mixture is dried on the substrate at about 150° C. for about2 hours. Upon drying, a manganese oxide electrode is formed.

The ratio of manganese oxide powder to carbon black to PVDF may vary. Inan example, the ratio is about 7:2:1.

The current collector substrate can be a substantially 2-D structure ora 3-D structure. The current collector substrate can have differentdegrees of porosity (e.g., 5% to 70%) and tortuosity. In someembodiments, the current collector substrate can be a metal, an alloy,or metal oxide. Examples of suitable metals or alloys include, but arelimited to, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, andnickel-based alloys. In other embodiments, other carbon supports for thecurrent collector substrate can be used. Such carbon supports include,but are not limited to, carbon nanotube, modified carbon black,activated carbon. In other embodiments, other current collectorsubstrates can be used. Such substrates include, but are not limited to,3-D structured carbon, porous carbons and nickel metal meshes.

In other embodiments, polyvinylidene fluoride solutions comprising otherwt % of polyvinylidene fluoride can be used. For example such solutionscan contain 1-15 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride.

In other embodiments, other drying temperatures can be used. Forexample, the drying temperature can be any temperature between about 80°C. and about 180° C. For example, the drying temperature can be betweenabout 80° C. and about 180° C., about 80° C. and about 170° C., about80° C. and about 150° C., about 90° C. and about 150° C., about 90° C.and about 160° C., about 100° C. and about 150° C. In other embodiments,other drying times can be used. For example, the drying time can be anytime between about 2 hours and about 18 hours. For example, the dryingtime can be about 5 hours and about 18 hours, about 5 hours and about 14hours, about 5 hours and about 10 hours, and about 5 hours and about 8hours.

In other embodiments, the ratio of manganese oxide powder to carbonblack to PVDF may vary.

In other embodiments, other binders and binder solvents can be used. Forexample, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde can beused as a binder in the form of water solution. Without being bound bytheory, it is believed that PVA increases the hydrophilicity of anelectrode, thereby improving battery performance. In another example,styrene-butadiene, which is a rubber based binder can be used. Otherbinders include, but are not limited to, M-class rubbers and Teflon.

In other embodiments, additives such as, but not limited to, sulfates,hydroxides, alkali metal salts (e.g. salts that dissociate to form Li⁺,Na⁺, or K⁺), alkaline-earth metal salts (e.g. salts that dissociate toform Mg²⁺, or Ca²⁺), transition metal salts, oxides, and hydratesthereof are added during the formation of the electrode. Examples ofalkaline-earth metal salts and sulfates include, but are not limited to,BaSO₄, CaSO₄, MnSO₄, and SrSO₄. Examples of transition metal saltsinclude, but are not limited to, NiSO₄ and CuSO₄. Examples of oxidesinclude, but are not limited to, Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂. In other embodiments,additives such as, but not limited to copper-based and bismuth-basedadditives are added in the formation of the electrode. Without beingbound by theory, it is believed that such additives may improve thecyclability of the battery.

The manganese oxide electrode may be incorporated into the manufactureof a battery. The manganese oxide electrode may be a component of abattery. The manganese oxide electrode may be adapted for use in abattery. The manganese oxide electrode may be used in a battery. In someexamples, the battery is a zinc-ion battery.

Cycling of Manganese Oxide Electrode

The manganese oxide composition of a manganese oxide electrode may becycled in-situ or ex situ of a battery. Below are examples of how acycled electrode may be prepared.

Referring to FIG. 1, a coin cell 100 is provided. The coin cell 100comprises an outer casing 110 and a lid 170 that are made of stainlesssteel (e.g. CR2032 manufactured from MTI Corporation). The outer casing110 has a base and a sidewall circumscribing the base. The sidewall andthe base define an inner cavity 112. The coin cell 100 also comprises agasket 180 (e.g. O-ring) made of a suitable elastomeric material (e.g.polypropylene), a spacer 150, and a washer 160. The coin cell alsocomprises a cathode 120, an anode 140, and a separator 130 in between,the cathode 120 and the anode 140, all in fluid contact with (e.g.,immersed in) an electrolytic solution. In other examples, other suitablecells may be used.

The cathode 120 (e.g. a manganese oxide electrode that has not besubjected to cycling) is disposed within the inner cavity 112 of thecoin cell 100. A near-neutral pH (i.e., the pH is about neutral)electrolytic solution is added into the inner cavity 112 of the coincell 100 until the cathode 120 is in fluid contact with (e.g. immersedin) the electrolytic solution.

As contemplated herein, the electrolytic solution comprises at least afirst electrolytic species. An example of a first electrolytic speciesis zinc sulfate. Said species may be present in the electrolyticsolution in any suitable concentration. Said species may be hydrated ornon-hydrated. Non-limiting examples of suitable concentrations includethose ranging from about 0.5M to saturation, about 0.5M to about 2.5M,about 1.0M to saturation, about 1.0M to about 2.5M, about 1.5M tosaturation, and about 1.5M to about 2.5M; for example, zinc sulfateheptahydrate can be present in solution at a concentration of about0.5M, 0.8M, 0.7M, 0.8M, 0.9M, 1.0M, 1.1M, 1.2M, 1.3M, 1.4M, 1.5M, 1.6M,1.7M, 1.8M, 1.9M, 2.0M, 2.1M, 2.2M, 2.3M, 2.4M, 2.5M. In an example, thefirst electrolytic species is 2.0M of ZnSO₄.7H₂O (e.g. 98% purity fromAnachemia Canada Co.).

The first electrolytic species may also be a zinc-based salt such as,but is not limited to, zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, or a combinationthereof dissolved in the electrolytic solution at a suitableconcentration. The first electrolytic species may also be other about pHneutral electrolytes. Examples of such other near-neutral pHelectrolytes include, but are not limited to, those yielding cationspecies like Li⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ upon disassociation.

The electrolytic solution may further comprise a second electrolyticspecies. An example of second electrolytic species is manganese sulfate.Said species may be present in the electrolytic solution in any suitableconcentration. Said species may be hydrated or non-hydrated. Suitablesecond electrolytic species concentrations include those ranging fromabout 0.1M to about 0.2M or saturation; for example, manganese sulfatemonohydrate can be present in the electrolytic solution at aconcentration of about 0.10M, 0.11M 0.12M, 0.13M 0.14M, 0.15M, 0.16M,0.17M, 0.18M, 0.19M, 0.20M, or saturation. In an example, the secondelectrolytic species is about 0.1M of MnSO₄.H₂O (e.g. 99% purity fromAnachemia Canada Co.). In other embodiments, the electrolytic solutioncomprises another suitable manganese containing compound that has thesame or substantially similar function as manganese sulfate monohydratesuch as, but not limited to, manganese nitrate.

The electrolytic solution may further comprise additives such as, butnot limited to, sulfates, hydroxides, alkali metal salts (e.g. saltsthat dissociate to form Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺), alkaline-earth metal salts(e.g. salts the dissociate to form Mg²⁺, or Ca²⁺), transition metalsalts (e.g. copper-based or bismuth-based), oxides, and hydrates thereofcan also be added during the formation of the electrode. Examples ofalkaline-earth metal salts and sulfates include, but are not limited to,BaSO₄, CaSO₄, MnSO₄, and SrSO₄. Examples of transition metal saltsinclude, but are not limited to, NiSO₄ and CuSO₄. Examples of oxidesinclude, but are not limited to, Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂. Without being bound bytheory, it is behaved that such additives may improve the cyclability ofthe battery.

The separator 130 is also disposed in the coin cell 100. The separator130 comprises a first layer and a second layer. As contemplated in thisfirst embodiment, each of the first layer and second layer consistsessentially of a sub-layer of cellophane film and a sub-layer ofnonwoven polyester fabric (e.g. NWP150 manufactured by Neptco Inc.)coupled thereto. The first layer and second layer are arranged such thatthe nonwoven polyester fabric sub-layers thereof are adjacent to oneanother. The separator 130 is disposed on top of the cathode 120 suchthat the cathode 120 is adjacent to the cellophane sub-layer of thefirst layer. The separator 130 is in fluid contact with (e.g., immersedin) the electrolytic solution.

The anode 140 comprises a zinc foil (e.g. Dexmet SO31050) and isdisposed in the coin cell 100 such that the anode 140 is adjacent to thecellophane film sub-layer of the second layer of the separator 130.Electrolytic solution is added to the coin cell 100 until the anode 140is in fluid communication therewith.

The spacer 150 is placed adjacent to the anode 140, the washer 160 isplaced adjacent to the spacer 150, and the gasket 180 is placed adjacentto the washer 160. The spacer 150 and the washer 160 are made ofstainless steel. The outer lid 170 is placed over the gasket 180, andthe outer lid 170 and outer casing 110 are crimped together to form thecoin cell 100.

According to a first embodiment of preparing (e.g. cycling) a manganeseoxide composition of a manganese oxide electrode in-situ of a battery,the coin cell is galvanostatically discharged down to a first V_(cell),potentiostatically charged at a second V_(cell) for a first definedperiod of time, galvanostatically charged to a third V_(cell), andpotentiostatically charged at the third V_(cell) for a second definedperiod of time. The first V_(cell) may be selected from any voltagebetween 1.0V and 1.2V. The second V_(cell) may be selected from anyvoltage between 1.7V and 1.8V. The third V_(cell) may be selected fromany voltage between 1.8V and 2.0V. The first defined period of time maybe a length of time between 30 minutes and 6 hours. For example thefirst defined period of time may be 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2hours, 2.5 hours, 3.0 hours. The second defined period of time may belength of time between 30 minutes and 6 hours. For example the seconddefined period of time may be 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5hours, 3.0 hours. As contemplated in this first embodiment, the coincell 200 is galvanostatically discharged at a C/2 rate down to 1.1V_(cell), potentiostatically charged at 1.75 V_(cell) for two hours,galvanostatically charged at a C/2 rate to 1.9 V_(cell), andpotentiostatically charged at 1.9 V_(cell) for two hours. Thedischarging and charging cycle can be repeated. In other embodiments,the manganese oxide composition of the manganese oxide electrode (orcycled composition of the cycled electrode) is at least in partsubjected to galvanostatic charge at a 100 mA/g rate to 1.9 V_(cell)after discharge.

According to a second embodiment of preparing a cycled electrode in-situof a battery, the coin cell is galvanostatically discharged down to afirst V_(cell), galvanostatically charged to a second V_(cell), andpotentiostatically charged at the second V_(cell) for a first definedperiod of time. The first V_(cell) may be selected from any voltagebetween 1.0V and 1.2V. The second V_(cell) may be selected from anyvoltage between 1.8V and 2.0V. The first defined time period may be anytime period between about 1 minute and 60 minutes, about 5 minutes and50 minutes, about 10 minutes and 40 minutes. As contemplated in thissecond embodiment, the coin cell 200 is galvanostatically discharged ata C/2 rate down to 1.1 V_(cell), galvanostatically charged at a C/2 rate(e.g. 100 mA/g) to 1.9 V_(cell), and potentiostatically charged at 1.9V_(cell) for 10 minutes. The discharging and charging cycle can berepeated.

In other embodiments the manganese oxide composition of a manganeseoxide electrode may be cycled ex-situ of a battery, and in a mannersimilar to in situ cycling. An ex-situ cycled electrode may beincorporated as a component into a battery. The battery may be azinc-ion battery.

Example 1: Mn₃O₄

An example of a manganese oxide composition is a Mn₃O₄ composition.

The Mn₃O₄ composition may be commercially available. An example of acommercially available Mn₃O₄ composition is CMO-CM104B-TOSOH. Forreference, an XRD diffractogram of CMO-CM104B-TOSOH is provided at FIG.2.

The Mn₃O₄ composition may not be commercially available. For example, anMn₃O₄ composition may be produced by heating a commercially availableEMD (e.g. Erachem-Comilog commercial EMD, an XRD diffractogram of whichis provided at FIG. 3) in an oven at a temperature between about 900° C.and about 960° C. (e.g. 900° C.) for a time period between about 12hours and about 24 hours (e.g. 12 hours). An XRD diffractogram of theproduced Mn₃O₄ species (along with a residual impurity of Mn₂O₃) isprovided at FIG. 4. Residual impurities remaining in the production ofthe Mn₃O₄ composition may be removed by additional heat treatment.

In this example, four different batteries are prepared. Three of thebatteries each comprise an electrode, the electrode comprising Mn₃O₄ asa cathodic active material. One of the batteries comprises an EMDelectrode prepared according to U.S. App. No. 62/583,952, which isincorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Details of each of theprepared batteries are provided in Table 1 as follows:

TABLE 1 Loading Mn at the Oxide Cathode Discharge Cell ID Type (mg cm⁻²)Electrolyte cut-off step FCB081_02 Mn₃O₄ 3.64 2M ZnSO₄ 1.1 V FCB081_03Mn₃O₄ 0.59 2M ZnSO₄ 1.1 V FCB100_02 Mn₃O₄ 4.45 2M ZhSO₄ 100 mAh g⁻¹ or1.1 V SZA056_01 MnO₂ 3.68 2M ZnSO₄, 100 mAh 0.1M MnSO₄ g⁻¹ or 1.1 V

Referring to FIG. 5(a), the initial specific capacities of the batteriesin Table 1 prior to cycling are low (i.e. about 0 mAh/g). Specificcapacity of each of the batteries described in Table 1 increases withcycling, and specific capacity reaches a pinnacle at about 50 to about60 cycles.

Referring to FIG. 5(b), the capacities of the batteries in Table 1increase with cycling, and specific capacities reach a pinnacle at about50 to about 60 cycles.

Referring to FIG. 5(c), the specific energy of the batteries in Table 1increases with cycling, and specific capacity reaches a pinnacle atabout 50 to about 60 cycles.

Referring to FIG. 5(d), the voltage/capacity profiles of the batteriesin Table 1 during the 30th cycle are provided.

Referring to FIG. 5(e), the voltage/capacity profile of Cell IDFCB081_02 at its 1^(st) cycle, 14^(th) cycle, 28^(th) cycle, 42^(nd)cycle, and 55^(th) cycle are provided. As shown, specific capacity ofthe battery increases with progressive cycling.

Mn₃O₄ (before cycling), and electrodes comprising a cycled compositionresulting from subjecting Mn₃O₄ to approximately 10 or approximately 20battery cycles are characterized and analyzed using a X-ray diffraction(XRD) method known in the art. In this example analysis is performedusing a Bruker D2 Phaser XRD diffractogram of Mn₃O₄ that has notundergone cycling (see FIG. 1) reveals the presence of two tetragonalunit cells of the hausmannite Mn₃O₄ phase. The dominant tetragonal phasehas unit cell parameters of a=5.75 Å and c=9.42 Å (PDF 00-001-1127). Thepresence of a small portion of hausmannite's tetragonal phase with thecell parameters of a=8.16 Å and c=9.44 Å (PDF 03-065-2776) is alsoobserved (FIG. 2—magnified portion of XRD pattern).

FIG. 6 shows the XRD patterns of: (i) Mn₃O₄ that has not undergonecycling; (ii) a cycled composition resulting from subjecting Mn₃O₄ to 10cycles; and (iii) a cycled composition resulting from subjecting Mn₃O₄to 20 cycles. Per FIG. 6, it can be seen that the cycling process leadsto an appearance of several “new” Bragg peaks, and also appears torender some existing Bragg peaks reflections more pronounced. Thepresence of the Mn₃O₄ phase, albeit with a smaller tetragonal unit cellsize (i.e. PDF 00-001-1127) is maintained. New reflections andpronounced reflections may be divided into two groups: (i) irreversiblepeaks, which means once they appear, they will remain present in boththe charge and discharge states; and (ii) reversible peaks which arepresent only in the discharge state.

The irreversible peaks resulting from the cycling of Mn₃O₄ are listed inTable 2. In general, these peaks may be assigned to a PDF 03-065-2776pattern, which suggests that an Mn₃O₄ composition with a tetragonal unitcell that is enlarged in the a axis direction may be produced and that,during the cycling process, the proportion of Mn₃O₄ phase having alarger unit cell (PDF 03-065-2776) may increase. In this example, thepresence of zinc sulfate, which is believed to originate from ZnSO₄electrolyte used in the battery, is also observed.

TABLE 2 Irreversible Peaks after cycling (2θ (°)) 25.96 (about 26) 33.84(about 34) 37.70 39.48 (about 39.5) 54.78 61.97

In some examples, other characteristics of cycled compositions include aBragg peak at 34° that is greater in intensity than a Bragg peak at 18°.In some examples, other characteristics of cycled compositions include aBragg peak at 36° is greater in intensity than a Bragg peak at 44°.

FIG. 7 shows the XRD patterns of: (i) the discharged state of a cycledcomposition, the cycled composition resulting from cycling Mn₃O₄ for 10cycles; (ii) Zn₂Mn₃O₈; and (iii) Zn₄(OH)₆SO₄.0.5H₂O. The reversibleBragg peak at 2θ of 32.51° may be assignable to Zn₂Mn₃O₈ orZn₄(OH)₆SO₄.0.5H₂O (JCPDS #44-0674). For example, it has been shown thatZn₄(OH)₆SO₄.0.5H₂O can be reversibly formed in similar systems (see Leeet al., ChemSusChem 2016, 9, 2948).

The presence of Zn₂Mn₃O₈ indicates that intercalation/deintercalation ofZn into and out of cycled composition resulting from Mn₃O₄ is possible.The position of Bragg peaks further suggests that the interplanarspacing of the atomic planes of the cycled composition change duringdischarge and charge states (see Table 3). For example, it is observedthat d-spacing of planes in Mn₃O₄ or cycled composition thereof shrinksafter discharge. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that acomposition such as Zn_(α)Mn₂O₄, wherein α<1, is formed during cycling:the direction of change in the d-spacing of such formed Zn_(α)Mn₂O₄ isthe same as that of ZnMn₂O₄ observed in the literature. It is alsoobserved that the difference in d-spacing between charge and dischargeincreases with cycling, which suggests that during these cycling steps,more Zn is introduced into the manganese oxide composition or cycledcomposition thereof as the cycling proceeds.

TABLE 3 Difference in interplanar Crystal plane distance (Å) Differencebetween charged 211 0.010 and discharged state at 20^(th) (PDF03-065-2776) cycle (d_(ch) − d_(disch)) 211 0.005 (PDF 00-001-1127) 1030.006 220 0.003 Difference between charged 211 0.006 and dischargedstate at 10^(th) (PDF 03-065-2776) cycle (d_(ch) − d_(disch)) 211 0.003(PDF 00-001-1127) 103 0.004 220 0.003

Mn₃O₄ (before cycling) and a cycled composition resulting fromsubjecting Mn₃O₄ to 50 cycles, in a zinc salt electrolytic solution, arecharacterized and analyzed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)(Kratos Analytical, Axis Ultra DLD Model). XPS survey spectrum of Mn₃O₄prior to cycling (see FIG. 8(a)—solid line) indicates the presence of Mnand O in the chemical composition of the Mn₃O₄. XPS survey spectrum of acycled composition resulting from subjecting MnO₄ to 50 cycles (see FIG.8(b)—stippled line) indicates the presence of Zn, Mn, and O in thechemical composition of the cycled composition.

A high resolution spectrum of the region identified as “Zn 2p” in FIG.8(a) is provided in FIG. 8(b), and indicates the presence of Zn in thechemical composition of the cycled composition. It is hypothesized thata composition such as, but not limited to, Zn₂Mn₃O₈, ZnMn₂O₄, orZn₄(OH)₈SO₄.5H₂O may be formed in the charged state as a result ofsubjecting Mn₃O₄ to a battery discharge and charge cycling process. Itis also hypothesized that intercalation and deintercalation of Zn²⁺ intoand out of the cathodic active material may be responsible for theoverall capacity of a battery. A cycling process leading to an increaseof initial capacity of a battery may lead to a transformation of MnO₃O₄with smaller tetragonal unit cell size to Mn₃O₄ with a larger tetragonalunit cell.

Example 2: LiMn₂O₄

An example of a manganese oxide composition is chemically treatedLiMn₂O₄.

Chemically treated LiMn₂O₄ is prepared according to the processdescribed above.

Batteries comprising chemically treating LiMn₂O₄ as an active materialare prepared according to the process described above. Details of eachof the prepared batteries are provided in Table 4 as follows:

TABLE 4 Manganese Loading at the Discharge oxide Cathode cut-off Cell IDcomposition (mg cm⁻²) Electrolyte step ISA57-04 Chemically 1.5 2M ZnSO₄1.1 V treated LiMn₂O₄ FCB123-01 LiMn₂O₄ 3.4 2M ZnSO₄ 1.1 V

Referring to FIG. 9(a), the specific capacity of: (i) a batteryinitially comprising chemically treated LiMn₂O₄, the batteries havingbeen subjected to cycling (referred to as “Battery A” in this example);and (ii) a battery initially comprising LiMn₂O₄, that had not beentreated, the batteries having been subjected to cycling (referred to as“Battery B: in this example); are compared. As shown in FIG. 9(a), thespecific capacity of Battery A remains generally constant at about 150mAh/g over about 230 cycles. The specific capacity of Battery B,however, is not high.

Referring to FIG. 9(b), the charging/discharging curves during 228th and229th discharge/charge cycles of a Battery A are provided. The profilesare substantially similar even after subjecting Battery A to multipledischarge/charge cycles.

Referring to FIG. 9(c), the XRD patterns of LiMn₂O₄ prior to chemicaltreatment and LiMn₂O₄ after chemical treatment are provided. Aftertreatment, a ramsdellite phase of MnO₂ and a Li_(δ)Mn₂O₄ phase (e.g.having a spinel crystalline structure) are introduced into the activatedcomposition resulting from chemically treating LiMn₂O₄, where δ has anexpected value of: 0.01<δ<1. For example, δ may be between 0.1<δ<1,0.2<δ<1, 0.25<δ<1. In other examples, pure ramsdellite may be achievablewith amendments to the chemical treatment process of LiMn₂O₄.

General:

It is contemplated that any part of any aspect or embodiment discussedin this specification may be implemented or combined with any part ofany other aspect or embodiment discussed in this specification. Whileparticular embodiments have been described in the foregoing, it is to beunderstood that other embodiments are possible and are intended to beincluded herein. It will be clear to any person skilled in the art thatmodification of and adjustment to the foregoing embodiments, not shownis possible.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. In addition, any citation ofreferences herein is not to be construed nor considered as an admissionthat such references are prior art to the present invention.

The scope of the claims should not be limited by the example embodimentsset forth herein, but should be given the broadest interpretationconsistent with the description as a whole.

What is claimed is:
 1. A zinc-manganese battery comprising a cathode, ananode, and an electrolytic solution in fluid communication with thecathode and the anode, the cathode comprising a manganese oxidecomposition having an X-ray diffractogram pattern expressing a Braggpeak at 26°±0.5° and 36°±0.5°, the Bragg peak at 26°±0.5° being ofgreatest intensity in comparison to other expressed Bragg peaks.
 2. Thebattery according to claim 1, the X-ray diffractogram pattern of themanganese oxide composition further expressing Bragg peaks at 18°±0.5°and 34°±0.5°.
 3. The battery according to claim 2, wherein the Braggpeak at 34°±0.5° is greater in intensity than the Bragg peak at18°±0.5°.
 4. The battery according to claim 2, the X-ray diffractogrampattern of the manganese oxide composition further expressing a Braggpeak at 44°±0.5°.
 5. The battery according to claim 1, the X-raydiffractogram pattern of the manganese oxide composition furtherexpressing a Bragg peak at 44°±0.5°.
 6. The battery according to claim5, wherein the Bragg peak at 36°±0.5° is greater in intensity than theBragg peak at 44°±0.5°.
 7. The battery according to claim 1, wherein themanganese oxide composition is at least 50% Mn₃O₄.
 8. The batteryaccording to claim 1, wherein reversible reflections at a Bragg peakrange of between 8°±0.5° and 12°±0.5° are expressed in the battery. 9.The battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution isneutral.
 10. A method comprising: (a) providing the battery of claim 1;and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging thebattery to a first V_(cell); (ii) galvanostatically charging the batteryto a second V_(cell); and (iii) potentiostatically charging at thesecond V_(cell) for a first defined period of time.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 10, wherein the first V_(cell) is between 1.0V and1.2V.
 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the second V_(cell)is between 1.8V and 2.0V.
 13. The method according to claim 10, furthercomprising potentiostatically charging the battery at a third V_(cell)for a second defined period of time, said potentiostatic charging at thethird V_(cell) occurring after galvanostatically discharging the batteryto the first V_(cell) and before galvanostatically charging the batteryto the second V_(cell).
 14. The method according to claim 13, whereinthe third V_(cell) is between 1.7V and 1.8V.
 15. The method according toclaim 10, wherein the manganese oxide composition is at least 50% Mn₃O₄.